Pflanzenwissen · Art
Art der Gattung Lauch (Allium)
Für diese Art liegt uns noch kein frei lizenziertes Foto vor.
Allium is a large genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants with 1112 accepted species, making Allium the largest genus in the family Amaryllidaceae and among the largest plant genera in the world. Many of the species are edible, and some have a long history of cultivation and human consumption such as the onion, garlic, scallions, shallots, leeks, and chives.
Wikipedia-Autoren · CC BY-SA · Quelle
The genus Allium (alliums) is characterised by herbaceous geophyte perennials with true bulbs, some of which are borne on rhizomes, and an onion or garlic odor and flavor. The bulbs are solitary or clustered and tunicate and the plants are perennialized by the bulbs reforming annually from the base of the old bulbs, or are produced on the ends of rhizomes or, in a few species, at the ends of stolons. A small number of species have tuberous roots. The bulbs' outer coats are commonly brown or grey, with a smooth texture, and are fibrous, or with cellular reticulation. The inner coats of the bulbs are membranous. Many alliums have basal leaves that commonly wither away from the tips downward before or while the plants flower, but some species have persistent foliage. Plants produce from one to 12 leaves, most species having linear, channeled or flat leaf blades. The leaf blades are straight or variously coiled, but some species have broad leaves, including A. victorialis and A. tricoccum. The leaves are sessile, and very rarely narrowed into a petiole. The flowers, which are produced on scapes are erect or in some species pendent, having six petal-like tepals produced in two whorls. The flowers have one style and six epipetalous stamens; the anthers and pollen can vary in color depending on the species. The ovaries are superior, and three-lobed with three locules. The fruits are capsules that open longitudinally along the capsule wall between the partitions of the locule. The seeds are black, and have a rounded shape. The terete or flattened flowering scapes are normally persistent. The inflorescences are umbels, in which the outside flowers bloom first and flowering progresses to the inside. Some species produce bulbils within the umbels, and in some species, such as Allium paradoxum, the bulbils replace some or all the flowers. The umbels are subtended by noticeable spathe bracts, which are commonly fused and normally have around three veins. Some bulbous alliums increase by forming little bulbs or "offsets" around the old one, as well as by seed. Several species can form many bulbils in the flowerhead; in the so-called "tree onion" or Egyptian onion (A. × proliferum) the bulbils are few, but large enough to be pickled. Many of the species of Allium have been used as food items throughout their ranges. There are several unrelated species that are somewhat similar in appearance to alliums but are poisonous (e.g. in North America, death camas, Toxicoscordion venenosum), but none of these has the distinctive scent of onions or garlic.
Pflege
Für diese Art liegen uns noch keine geprüften Pflegehinweise vor.
Frag die Community — kostenloses Konto →Weltkarte
Vorkommen (Status unklar)
Altay, East European Russia, Krym, South European Russi, Ukraine
Marktplatz
Noch niemand hat diese Art im Angebot.
Steht sie bei dir zu eng? Ein Ableger findet hier schnell ein neues Zuhause.
Nächster Schritt
Beschreib dein Problem in der Pflanzenhilfe. Mit Foto antwortet meist noch am selben Tag jemand, der dieselbe Pflanze zu Hause hat. Aus Rücksicht auf die Fragenden lesen die Anfragen nur angemeldete Mitglieder — mitmachen kostet nichts.
Wikipedia-Autoren · CC BY-SA · Quelle
The genus includes many economically important species. These include onions (A. cepa), French shallots (A. oschaninii), leeks (A. ampeloprasum), garlic (A. sativum), and herbs such as scallions (various Allium species) and chives (A. schoenoprasum). Some have been used as traditional medicines. Members of the genus and plants with similar properties, referred to in this context as 'leeks', had a prominent role in Germanic paganism. This includes writing the word laukaz ('leek') in runic inscriptions, likely for protection and healing. This genus also includes species that are abundantly gathered from the wild such as wild garlic (Allium ursinum) in Europe and ramps (Allium tricoccum) in North America.
Wikipedia-Autoren · CC BY-SA · Quelle
Species grow in various conditions from dry, well-drained mineral-based soils to moist, organic soils; most grow in sunny locations, but a number also grow in forests (e.g., A. ursinum), or even in swamps or water.[citation needed] Various Allium species are used as food plants by the larvae of the leek moth and onion fly as well as other Lepidoptera including cabbage moth, common swift moth (recorded on garlic), garden dart moth, large yellow underwing moth, nutmeg moth, setaceous Hebrew character moth, turnip moth and Schinia rosea, a moth that feeds exclusively on Allium species.[citation needed]
Wikipedia-Autoren · CC BY-SA · Quelle
Main article: Taxonomy of Allium With over 850 to 1,000 species Allium is the sole genus in the Allieae, one of four tribes of subfamily Allioideae (Amaryllidaceae). New species continue to be described and Allium is one of the largest monocotyledonous genera, but the precise taxonomy of Allium is poorly understood, with incorrect descriptions being widespread. The difficulties arise from the fact that the genus displays considerable polymorphism and has adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Furthermore, traditional classifications had been based on homoplasious characteristics (the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages). However, the genus has been shown to be monophyletic, containing three major clades, although some proposed subgenera are not. Some progress is being made using molecular phylogenetic methods, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, including the 5.8S rDNA and the two spacers ITS1 and ITS2, is one of the more commonly used markers in the study of the differentiation of the Allium species. Allium includes a number of taxonomic groupings previously considered separate genera (Caloscordum Herb., Milula Prain and Nectaroscordum Lindl.) Allium spicatum had been treated by many authors as Milula spicata, the only species in the monospecific genus Milula. In 2000, it was shown to be embedded in Allium. Phylogeny History When Linnaeus formerly described the genus Allium in his Species Plantarum (1753), there were thirty species with this name. He placed Allium in a grouping he referred to as Hexandria monogynia (i.e. six stamens and one pistil) containing 51 genera in all. Subdivision Linnaeus originally grouped his 30 species into three alliances, e.g. Foliis caulinis planis. Since then, many attempts have been made to divide the growing number of recognised species into infrageneric subgroupings, initially as sections, and then as subgenera further divided into sections. For a brief history, see Li et al. (2010). The modern era of phylogenetic analysis dates to 1996. In 2006 Friesen, Fritsch, and Blattner described a new classification with 15 subgenera, 56 sections, and about 780 species based on the nuclear ribosomal gene internal transcribed spacers. Some of the subgenera correspond to the once separate genera (Caloscordum, Milula, Nectaroscordum) included in the Gilliesieae. The terminology has varied with some authors subdividing subgenera into Sections and others Alliances. The term Alliance has also been used for subgroupings within species, e.g. Allium nigrum, and for subsections. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown the 2006 classification is a considerable improvement over previous classifications, but some of its subgenera and sections are probably not monophyletic. Meanwhile, the number of new species continued to increase, reaching 800 by 2009, and the pace of discovery has not decreased. Detailed studies have focused on a number of subgenera, including Amerallium. Amerallium is strongly supported as monophyletic. Subgenus Melanocrommyum has also been the subject of considerable study (see below), while work on subgenus Allium has focussed on section Allium, including Allium ampeloprasum, although sampling was not sufficient to test the monophyly of the section. The major evolutionary lineages or lines correspond to the three major clades. Line one (the oldest) with three subgenera is predominantly bulbous, the second, with five subgenera and the third with seven subgenera contain both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa. Evolutionary lines and subgenera See also: List of Allium species The three evolutionary lineages and 15 subgenera here represent the classification schemes of Friesen et al. (2006) and Li (2010), and subsequent additional species and revisions. Evolutionary lines and subgenera (number of sections/number of species) First evolutionary line (3 subgenera) Nectaroscordum (Lindl.) Asch. et Graebn Type: Allium siculum (1/3) Mediterranean bells, Sicilian honey garlic Microscordum (Maxim.) N. Friesen Type: Allium monanthum (1/1) Amerallium Traub Type: Allium canadense (12/135) Second evolutionary line (5 subgenera) Caloscordum (Herb.) R. M. Fritsch Type: Allium neriniflorum (1/3) Anguinum (G. Don ex Koch) N. Friesen Type: Allium victorialis (1/12) Porphyroprason (Ekberg) R. M. Fritsch Type: Allium oreophilum (1/1) Vvedenskya (Kamelin) R. M. Fritsch Type: Allium kujukense (1/1) Melanocrommyum (Webb et Berthel.) Rouy Type: Allium nigrum (20/160) Third evolutionary line (7 subgenera) Butomissa (Salisb.) N. Friesen Type: Allium ramosum (2/4) fragrant garlic Cyathophora R. M. Fritsch Type: Allium cyathophorum (3/5) Rhizirideum (G. Don ex Koch) Wendelbo s.s Type: Allium senescens (5/37) Allium L. Type: Allium sativum (15/300) garlic Reticulatobulbosa (Kamelin) N. Friesen Type: Allium lineare (5/80) Polyprason Radic Type: Allium moschatum (4/50) Cepa (Mill.) Radic ́ Type: Allium cepa (5/30) onion, garden onion, bulb onion, common onion First evolutionary line Although this lineage consists of three subgenera, nearly all the species are attributed to subgenus Amerallium, the third largest subgenus of Allium. The lineage is considered to represent the most ancient line within Allium, and to be the only lineage that is purely bulbous, the other two having both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa. Within the lineage Amerallium is a sister group to the other two subgenera (Microscordum+Nectaroscordum). Second evolutionary line Nearly all the species in this lineage of five subgenera are accounted for by subgenus Melanocrommyum, which is most closely associated with subgenera Vvedenskya and Porphyroprason, phylogenetically. These three genera are late-branching whereas the remaining two subgenera, Caloscordum and Anguinum, are early branching. Third evolutionary line The third evolutionary line contains the greatest number of sections (seven), and also the largest subgenus of the genus Allium: subgenus Allium, which includes the type species of the genus, Allium sativum. This subgenus also contains the majority of the species in its lineage. Within the lineage, the phylogeny is complex. Two small subgenera, Butomissa and Cyathophora form a sister clade to the remaining five subgenera, with Butomissa as the first branching group. Amongst the remaining five subgenera, Rhizirideum forms a medium-sized subgenus that is the sister to the other four, larger, subgenera. This line may not be monophyletic. Proposed infrageneric groups Names from Allium sect. Acanthoprason Wendelbo Allium subsect. Acuminatae Ownbey ex Traub Allium sect. Amerallium Traub Allium sect. Anguinum G. Don Allium sect. Brevispatha Vals. Allium sect. Briseis Stearn Allium sect. Bromatorrhiza Ekberg Allium sect. Caloscordum Baker Allium subsect. Campanulatae Ownbey ex Traub Allium sect. Caulorhizideum Traub Allium subsect. Cepa Stearn Allium subsect. Cernuae Rchb. Allium sect. Codonoprasum Ekberg Allium sect. Falcatifolia N. Friesen Allium subsect. Falcifoliae Ownbey ex Traub Allium sect. Halpostemon Boiss. Allium sect. Haneltia F.O. Khass. Allium sect. Lophioprason Traub. Allium subg. Melanocrommyon (Webb & Berthel.) Rouy Allium subsect. Mexicana Traub Allium sect. Molium G. Don ex W.D.J. Koch Allium sect. Multicaulea F.O. Khass. & Yengal. Allium sect. Oreiprason F. Herm. Allium sect. Petroprason F. Herm. Allium subg. Polyprason Radic Allium sect. Porrum G. Don Allium sect. Rhiziridium G. Don ex W.D.J. Koch Allium sect. Rhophetoprason Traub Allium subsect. Sanbornae Ownbey ex Traub Allium sect. Schoenoprasum Dumort. Allium sect. Scorodon Allium sect. Unicaulea F.O. Khass.
Wikipedia-Autoren · CC BY-SA · Quelle