Amaranthus spinosus

Amaranthus spinosus, commonly known as the spiny amaranth, spiny pigweed, prickly amaranth or thorny amaranth, is a plant that is native to the tropical Americas, but is present on most continents as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It can be a serious weed of rice cultivation in Asia.

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Description: — Herbs 1 – 85 (– 120) dm tall, monoecious, annual (therophyte), rarely biennial. Stems usually erect, ± glabrous (sometimes sparsely pubescent in the inflorescence region), white to white-greenish, much branched. Leaves green (usually pale green), ovate, elliptic to spathulate (3.5 – 6.0 × 1.5 – 3.0 cm in the main axis, greater than the leaves on the branches), often with undulate margins (sometimes with a white marginal vein), apex obtuse and mucronate, base cuneate, glabrous (rarely pubescent on the veins), petioled (petiole 1.6 – 3.0 cm long). Synflorescences arranged in axillary glomerules, light green. Floral bracts greenish, ovate-lanceolate [(2.0 –) 3.0 – 4.0 (– 6.0) × 0.3 – 0.6 mm], 2 (– 2.5) times longer than the perianth, awned, margin entire, glabrous. Staminate flowers with 3 tepals, lanceolate; stamens 3. Pistillate flowers with 3 tepals, linear to lanceolate [0.9 – 1.1 × 0.3 – 0.4 (– 0.5) mm], with acute apex; stigmas 3. Fruit brownish-black, ellipsoidal [(1.2 –) 1.4 – 1.8 × 1.0 – 1.2 (– 1.4) mm], as long as or slightly longer than the perianth, rugose when dry, dehiscent. Seed lenticular [(0.8 –) 0.9 – 1.1 (– 1.3) mm in diameter], black to brownish-black. Iconography: — Beck (1909: Tab. 297, figures 3 – 5); Chaudhary (1998: Plate. 127 g – j), Bayón (2015: 296, Figura 15). Phenology: — Flowering time June (Al-Turki et al. 2000). Habitat and elevation: — Human-made habitat, about sea level (Al-Turki et al. 2000). Chromosome number: — 2 n = 34 (Al-Turki et al. 2000: 341), 68. Alien status: — Neophyte species native to Neotropics, it can be considered as casual in Saudi Arabia (see also Chaudhary 1998). Occurrence in Saudi Arabia (Fig. 10): — Bisha (Abbas et al. 2020), Jizan (Al-Turki et al. 2000, Aljieddani et al. 2021). No finding was done during the filed surveys. Further researches are necessary to verify the distribution of A. spinosus in the country.

Amaranthus spinosus is a vascular flowering plant in the dicot family Amaranthaceae. As described in the species name, A. spinosus has spikes present on the flowers and spines present at nodes. The flowers are green, lack petals, and have terminal and axillary spikes. Male flowers are terminal while the female flowers are basal. The ovate or rhombic-ovate leaves are alternate with long petioles.

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Annual weed, in cropland, fallow and disturbed sites. C. N.: gigolosso, gingolosso, tagalago (kb). Uses: food, medicinal. Introduced and naturalized species, native to America. F. Monteiro 270 (LUAI, LISC)

Dye use In Khmer language, it is called pti banlar and in Vietnamese dền and its ash was historically used as a grey cloth dye. Food use Like several related species, A. spinosus is a valued food plant in Africa. In southern Mozambique is called mboa and is food for both humans and some mammals In Brazil it is known as "caruru de porco", being used pure braised or added to salty porridge preparations, such as angu (pt) and is more common in the interior regions of the country. It is valued also in Thai cuisine, where it is called phak khom (Thai: ผักขม). In Tamil, it is called mullik keerai. It is possible identical to Sanskrit taṇḍulīyaka. It is used as food in the Philippines, where it is called kulitis. The leaves of this plant, known as massaagu in the Maldivian language, have been used in the diet of the Maldives. In Mexico, it is among the species labelled quelite quintonil in Mexican markets. In Bengali it is called katanote (কাটানটে). In Manipuri, it is called chengkrook and is used as food in stir-fry and in broths mixed with other vegetables. In Mauritius it is called brède malbar. The seeds are eaten by many songbirds. Traditional medicine In the folk medicine of India, the ash of fruits of Amaranthus spinosus is used for jaundice.[medical citation needed] Water extracts from its roots and leaves have been used as a diuretic in Vietnam.[medical citation needed]

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Annual herb

Pantropical