Trigonella suavissima

The major consumers of Trigonella suavissima are the Aboriginals, which they called Galuuba. Facilitating engagement through strong relationships between primary healthcare and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. However, it was recorded that Trigonella suavissima was eaten raw by the people in Diamantina in Queensland, Australia. Experts also found that besides toxic compounds, the species also contain various secondary compounds such as saponins and flavonols that have medical uses. It cannot replace current grain legumes like Cicer arietinum i.e. chickpeas, Lupinus angustifolius i.e. blue lupins and Pisum sativum i.e. peas, Trigonella suavissima is still a viable option as a substitute when the harvest of the grain crops are unsustainable under arid climate and infertile soil. Trigonella suavissima has a close relationship with other grain legume crops over the world. As it grows in dry areas with limited water and infertile soil, it acts as a resource for foreign legume breeders to improve adaptation of their plants to adverse climate and environment. Agriculture Trigonella suavissima shows a low resistance to legume-feeding pests especially for bluegreen aphids (BGA) and spotted alfafa aphids (SAA), high scores of damages are done to the species by the aphids. The planting of the species should be timed to prevent the early-season warm temperature from promoting attacks from SAA, as Trigonella suavissima is most susceptible to SAA at warm temperatures. Grain crops It is found that Trigonella suavissima is highly suitable to be domesticated as grain crops after studying its adaptation to arid and semi-arid environments with winter-dominant infertile soil, growth habit, pod indelhiscience, anti-nutritional toxins etc. However, the species has not yet been adapted as grain crops because of its unknown properties and the limitation of a small seed size. It has great potential because of its suitable growth habit and other desirable agronomic attributes. Its distribution and growing environment allow the species to avoid water stress. Similar to other members of the Trigonella genus such as Trigonella fremum-graecum, Trigonella suavissima is very likely to possess chemical and pharmaceutical values. Forage Apart from the Aboriginals, Trigonella suavissima has also been used as a forage plant for feeding cattles, especially cows in Australia, for more than 150 years. The species is a vital and prominent component of the forage as green feed and standing dry hay because of its prolific growth after periodic floodings, contributing to the $200 million worth annual profit of the beef industry of the Channel Country of Australia, especially the cattle-fattening enterprises. Trigonella suavissima possesses foliages that contain more than 20% of protein, which is greatly higher than other associated native forage species and native legumes such as Psoralea cinera Lindl. The high concentration of protein is the result of the effective Nitrogen fixation of the symbiosis of Trigonella suavissima. There is not any attempt to domesticate Trigonella suavissima despite having high productivity and economic value. This is partly attributed to the presence of adverse phenological and anti-nutritive traits that undermines its value as fodder.

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Trigonella suavissima belongs in the Falcatulae section of the genus Trigonella according to its morphological characteristics of the embryos and seedlings in cotyledonary leaves and the first propyl leaf stages. The species is consistently categorised as part of the Falcatulae section throughout studies carried out in 1928, 1932, 1989 and 2016 by different scientists. Falcatulae Section Falcatulae is divided into subsections Leves, which refers to smooth seeds and Tuberculatae which means tuberculate seeds and Trigonella suavissima is placed in the former group. The species is under the Anguinae series within the Leves subsection because of the plicated linear legumes. Falcatulae is a paraphyletic section. The clade consists of Trigonella maritima, Trigonella stellata and Trigonella suavissima, which is strongly supported with a bootstrap value of 95% and a decay value of 4, is related to another strongly supported cluster comprising the remaining two representatives of the section Trigonella balansae and Trigonella anguina, having 95% bootstrap value and the decay value of 4. The species of the clades also share morphological features including the umbellate inflorescence synapomorphic, and the clade provides strong support to its sister group with Trigonella arabica and Trigonella schlumbergeri which belongs in the Pectinatae section. The formation of strongly supported clade indicates that the species share a common ancestral linkage despite having various legume characteristics. Alternate classification It is recently proposed that the series Anguinae should no longer be recognised and Trigonella suavissima should be placed in the Stellatae series instead. The changes are due to the findings in the phylogenetic relationship and morphological similarities between Trigonella suavissima with Trigonella maritima and Trigonella stella.

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