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Ficus racemosa, the cluster fig, red river fig, udumbara, audumbara, or gular, is a species of plant in the mulberry family Moraceae.
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Ficus racemosa, the cluster fig, red river fig, udumbara, audumbara, or gular, is a species of plant in the mulberry family Moraceae. It is native to tropical Asia and Australia. It is a fast-growing plant with large, very coarse leaves, attaining the size of a large shrub or even larger in old specimens. A distinctive feature of its growth habit is the cauliflorous nature of its fruiting, where the syconia (figs) grow in dense clusters directly from the trunk and larger branches. The ripe figs are a favourite food of the rhesus macaque, and the plant also serves as a host for the caterpillars of the two-brand crow butterfly of northern Australia.
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The cluster fig is deciduous or semi-deciduous, reaching 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) in height. Older specimens can grow quite large and gnarled, up to 30 metres (98 ft) high. It has a wide-spreading crown with irregular branches and a thick, often buttressed trunk covered in smooth greyish bark that may flake with age. Like other species in the genus Ficus, the tree produces milky latex which can irritate the skin. The tree has a shallow and extensive root system, often developing aerial roots in humid environments. The leaves of the cluster fig are simple and alternate, with lanceolate stipules measuring 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) in length that are pubescent and often persistent on young shoots. The petiole is slender, grooved along the upper side, 1–5 centimetres (0.39–1.97 in) long, and becomes brown and scurfy with age. The leaf blade (lamina) ranges from 6–15 centimetres (2.4–5.9 in) long and 3.5–6 centimetres (1.4–2.4 in) wide, and ovate, obovate, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate in shape. The surface is membranous and glabrous, often developing a blistered appearance upon drying. The flowers are unisexual and borne within a syconium, developing on short leafless branches, warty tubercles of the trunk or larger branches. The syconia are subglobose to pear-shaped, attached by a stout peduncle. Fig wasps such as Ceratosolen sp. pollinate the flowers by entering the ostiole, which is flat or slightly sunken. The mature syconium measures about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter and turns orange or dark crimson when ripe, containing granulate achenes.
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Belege
Covellia glomerata (Roxb.) Miq., Covellia mollis Miq., Ficus acidula King, Ficus chittagonga Miq., Ficus glomerata Roxb., Ficus glomerata var. chittagonga (Miq.) King,
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The figs can be eaten when ripe, or used while still green as a vegetable in stir-fries and curries, or made into preserves. The shoots and young leaves are also edible. The Ovambo people call the fruit of the cluster fig eenghwiyu and use it to distill ombike, a traditional liquor. In India, a home remedy is prepared by rubbing the bark on a stone with water to make a poultice to treat boils and mosquito bites. The poultice is left to dry on the skin and reapplied after a few hours. The leaves of the plant can also be used to remove caterpillar hairs lodged in the skin. The affected skin is rubbed lightly with a leaf, effectively dislodging the stinging hairs. The leaves are called lá sung in Vietnam, where they are eaten raw with meat dishes. They are used with rice paper and edible leaves of other plants, such as woolly sewervine, shiso or Ming aralia, to wrap pieces of chicken, pork or goat and eaten in a style similar to the Korean ssam. The figs, called quả sung, are harvested while still green and pickled in a mixture of salt and sugar, then seasoned with chilli, garlic, lime juice and fish sauce.
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Vorkommen (Status unklar)
Brasilien, Taiwan, Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesch, Borneo, Kambodscha, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Indien, Jawa
Laos, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Pakistan, Queensland, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya, Western Australia, Global
The cluster fig is native to South Asia, Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with a natural range extending from Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh through Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia, and eastwards to Papua New Guinea and northern Australia. It thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, commonly found in lowland forests, riverbanks and open woodlands, as well as in rural villages and temple grounds, where it is often cultivated for its religious significance, shade and edible figs. The species grows well in moist, well-drained soils, tolerating both periodic flooding and dry conditions, and can often be seen along roadsides and near watercourses.
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