Cedrus libani A.Rich.

Die Libanon-Zeder gehört zu den meistgenutzten Baumarten. Das schöne, dauerhafte und leicht zu bearbeitende Holz der Libanon-Zeder wird seit fast 5.000 Jahren verwendet. In der Antike wurde es zum Palast- und Tempelbau genutzt. Es war zudem ein gefragtes Holz für den Schiffbau und zur Möbelherstellung. Auch heute noch ist das Holz ein sehr gefragtes Bau-, Tischler- und Möbelholz. Es eignet sich auch zur Zellstoffherstellung. Bevor das türkische Forstschutzgesetz von 1935 in Kraft trat, wurde aus Zedernholz Kienöl gewonnen. Es fand Verwendung in der Volksmedizin als Mittel gegen Hautkrankheiten und als Mittel zur Wundbehandlung. Das aus dem Kernholz gewonnene ätherische Öl wird als Zedernöl verkauft. Die Libanon-Zeder ist in den gemäßigten Zonen ein beliebter, nahezu winterharter Parkbaum. Die größte und älteste Zeder Deutschlands (gepflanzt 1822) mit einem Stammumfang von 6,52 Metern (Stand 2021) steht im Schlosspark Bad Homburg von Bad Homburg vor der Höhe.

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Die Libanon-Zeder (Cedrus libani A.Rich.) hat folgende Synonyme: Cedrus libanitica (Trew) Pilger, Cedrus cedrus (L.) Huth, Pinus cedrus L., Abies cedrus (L.) J.St.-Hil., Picea cedrus (L.) Peterm., Cedrus patula K.Koch. Es gibt zwei Varietäten: Cedrus libani A. Rich. var. libani (Syn.: Cedrus libanotica Link, Cedrus libanensis Juss. ex Mirb., Cedrus libani ssp. stenocoma (O.Schwarz) Greuter & Burdet): Sie kommt von der Türkei bis zum Libanon vor. Zypern-Zeder (Cedrus brevifolia (Hook.f.) Elwes & A.Henry) und Atlas-Zeder (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti ex Carrière): Diese auf Zypern bzw. in Nordafrika vorkommenden Sippen sind eng verwandt mit der Libanon-Zeder und werden von einigen Botanikern ebenfalls der Libanon-Zeder als Unterarten oder Varietäten Cedrus libani ssp. brevifolia (Hook.f.) Meikle oder Cedrus libani var. brevifolia Hook.f. bzw. Cedrus libani ssp. atlantica (Endl.) Batt. & Trab. zugeordnet. Die Zypern-Zeder kommt nur im Troodos-Gebirge in Zypern vor.

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Habitat in Syriae, Libani, Amani, Tauri montibus. " RCN: 7245. Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P) 5284682 materials_examined en Lectotype (Farjon & Jarvis in Greuter, Regnum Veg. 128: 118. 1993): [icon] " Cedrus " in Belon, Plur. Rer. Obs ..: 162. 1605. Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P) 3190411 distribution en " Habitat in Virginia. " RCN: 973. Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P) 3190411 materials_examined en Generitype of Ptelea Linnaeus (vide Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 125. 1929). Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P) 11135312 description en Description The holotype is a 166 - cm-long (total length TL) holomorphic specimen with a precaudal length (PCL) of 122 cm and an estimated pectoral fin span (PFS) of about 190 cm (158 cm as preserved) (PFS about 1.1 times TL and 1.6 times PCL); the specimen is preserved flattened dorsoventrally, with the exception of the tail exposed in lateral view (Fig. 1). The vertebral column consists of about 225 asterospondylic vertebrae, with the caudal vertebral count (~ 120) higher than the precaudal vertebral count (~ 105). Anteriorly, there is no synarcual element, indicating that this specimen cannot be classified as a batoid (9). Tessellated prismatic calcified cartilage is well preserved in various parts of the specimen, with tesserae showing the sub-hexagonal close-packing arrangement typical of chondrichthyans (27). Soft-tissue imprints (skin, muscles) are preserved, providing information on the body outline (Figs. 1 and 2 and Figs. S 3 to S 6). The skin seems to be overall devoid of dermal denticles, as in many myliobatiform rays (54). The head is severely crushed dorsoventrally; it is short, with an indistinct snout and a wide mouth (Fig. 2 A and Fig. S 3). As indicated by the position of the anteriormost vertebra, the poorly preserved chondrocranium represents about 10 % of the precaudal length. The overall outline of the chondrocranium is not recognizable, although some structures can be tentatively interpreted as rostral cartilages and nasal capsules. The jaws are long, extending posterior to the occiput. With the exception of a disarticulated and displaced Meckelʾs cartilage (259 mm in length), jaw elements cannot be identified with certainty, as those of hyoid and branchial arches. No teeth are preserved, possibly due to rapid post-mortem disarticulation and scattering affecting the dentition, like in fossil skeletons of cetorhinid sharks (55, 56). The hyper-elongate pectoral fins are rather broad at their bases, slightly forward-directed, and gently recurved at their ends (Fig. 2 D and Fig. S 4). They show an extremely increased number of radial cartilages. At least 70 radials are present, probably supported by several rodlike metapterygial elements. These radials are directed towards the anterior margin of the pectoral fin and some of them are bifurcated anteriorly (Fig. S 5), as in the megamouth shark (7). The trunk is moderately slender. No stomach / gut contents are preserved. There are no traces of dorsal, pelvic or anal fins; this reflects either original morphology (true phylogenetic absence) or taphonomic loss (post-mortem disarticulation and degradation). The caudal fin skeleton is characterized by ventrally directed hypochordal rays (hypochordal ray angle = 120 °). The heterocercal caudal fin shows an elongate and slender dorsal lobe (dorsal margin length = 51 cm) at a moderate angle above the body axis (heterocercal angle = 27 °), and a rather strong ventral lobe (preventral margin length = 21 cm) at a high angle below the body axis (hypocercal angle = 55 °) [" lamniform caudal fin type 2 " sensu (13)]. No terminal lobe can be discerned at the caudal tip (Fig. 2 C and Fig. S 6). Remark on the caudal fin shape Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans 11135312 description en Remark on the body size Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans 11135312 description en Remark on the presence / absence of dorsal, pelvic and anal fins Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans 7921813 diagnosis en Diagnosis: The species is similar to N. echinata Gaedike, 2000, but differs from it in the fan-shaped gnathos covered with microtrichia in distal 2 / 5, the juxta consisting of two symmetrical structures, the vinculum deeply concave and U-shaped anteriorly at each side of saccus, and the phallus about equal in length to the valvae. In N. echinata, the gnathos is gradually narrowed distally, the juxta has one M-shaped structure, the vinculum is nearly truncate anteriorly, and the phallus is distinctly longer than the valvae. Adult (Fig. 7): Wingspan 13. 0 mm. Head pale yellow but dark brown around eyes. Labial palpi with inner side ocherous yellow, outer side dark brown except third segment ocherous yellow at apex. Antennae with scape pale dark brown and flagellar segments pale yellow. Thorax and tegulae dark brown, but tegulae with white on posterior margin. Forewings white, with scattered dark brown scales; dark brown V-shaped pattern from about costal half extending to middle of dorsum, large dark brown spot at base and 1 / 4 of costal margin respectively; several small conspicuous or inconspicuous spots extending along costal margin and termen; cilia dark brown, speckled with white scales, with three small white strip located at anal corner, 1 / 3 and 2 / 3 of termen. Hindwings and cilia dark gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 15): Tegumen fused with uncus, anterior margin deeply concave. Uncus concave slightly at middle on caudal margin, forming a small triangular notch, protruding posterolaterally, forming a sclerotized apically acute triangular process, concave inward laterally near apex. Gnathos developed, Vshaped; distal 2 / 5 broadened, fan-shaped, covered with microtrichia. Subscaphium broad basally, narrow distally. Valvae broad, produced to a heavily sclerotized triangular process; digitiform processes slender at base, broadened gradually to middle; distal half subrectangular, with obtuse-pointed apex slightly exceeding end of valvae. Vinculum with anterior margin deeply concave in U shape at each side of saccus, projecting at middle on caudal margin. Saccus about 0.28 x length of valvae, gradually narrowing from base to obtusely rounded apex. Juxta consisting of two sclerotized symmetrical structures, somewhat trapeziform in basal 3 / 5, subtriangular in distal 2 / 5, acute at apex. Phallus about equal to length of valvae, articulated at about 2 / 5; distal 1 / 6 subtriangular, with a small toothlike process at apex; vesica covered with lots of small lepidotic spines. Female: Unknown. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 7921813 distribution en Distribution: China (Xinjiang). Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 7921813 etymology en Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin flabellatus (= flabellate), in inference to the expanded gnathos fan-shaped in distal 2 / 5. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 7921813 materials_examined en Type material. Holotype 3, CHINA: Kuerdening, Gongliu (43 ° 28 ΄ N, 82 ° 13 ΄ E), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1500 m, 28 July 1994, leg. Houhun Li and Hongyan Qin, gen. slide No. XYL 04118. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856741 diagnosis en Diagnosis: This species is characterized by the white forewing having five dark brown spots at base, 1 / 4, 1 / 2, subapex of costal margin and at 3 / 4 of anal fold; the juxta M-shaped ventrally and somewhat inverted heart-shaped dorsally, the phallus more than twice the length of valvae and with a process at distal 1 / 3 (Fig. 12). Petersen (1957, Fig. 8, under the name N. heydeni) described the female and illustrated its genital structures. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856741 discussion en Remarks: The species is newly recorded from China. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856741 distribution en Distribution: China (Xinjiang); Russia, Sardinien, Mediterranean, central and southern Europe. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856741 materials_examined en Material examined. CHINA: 1 3, Altay (47 ° 50 ΄ N, 88 ° 12 ΄ E), Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 900 m, 23 July 1994, leg. Houhun Li and Hongyan Qin. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856713 diagnosis en Diagnosis: This species is characterized by the white forewing having a dark brown V-shaped band extending from middle of costal margin to 2 / 5 of dorsum, interrupted medially; the valvae terminated in a heavily sclerotized digitiform process, the juxta M-shaped, membranous and setose ventrally, sclerotized dorsally, the phallus about twice the length of valvae and articulated at 2 / 5 in the male genitalia (Fig. 11); the sternum VIII U-shaped, with a long rod-shaped process at middle, and the ductus bursae more than twice length of the apophyses anteriores in the female genitalia (Fig. 18). Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856713 discussion en Remarks: This species is newly recorded from China. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856713 distribution en Distribution: China (Henan, Heilongjiang), Russia. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856713 materials_examined en Material examined. CHINA: 1 3, Guanshan, Huixian (35 ° 27 ΄ N, 113 ° 47 ΄ E), Henan Province, 550 m, 26 July 2006, leg. Denghui Kuang and Hui Zhen; 2 33, Heihe (50 ° 14 ΄ N, 127 ° 29 ΄ E), Heilongjiang Province, 170 m, 26 July 1997, leg. Houhun Li; 1 Ƥ, Gaofeng, Nenjiang (49 ° 10 ΄ N, 125 ° 12 ΄ E), Heilongjiang Province, 170 m, 29 July 1997, leg. Houhun Li. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 8087912 diagnosis en Diagnosis: The species resembles N. gerasimovi in appearance, but can be separated easily from it by the gnathos having two small toothlike processes at apex, the valvae subtriangular in distal 1 / 3, and the phallus not bifurcated distally. In N. gerasimovi, the gnathos terminates in a small apex, the valvae are subrectangular in distal 1 / 3, and the phallus is bifurcated in distal 1 / 3. Adult (Fig. 5): Wingspan 9.0 – 11.0 mm. Head ocherous yellow. Inner side of labial palpi ocherous yellow; outer side dark brown except third segment ocherous white at apex. Antennae ocherous yellow. Thorax and tegulae dark brown except tegulae ocherous white on posterior margin. Forewings ocherous white, with scattered dark brown scales; costal margin with seven dark brown spots, the third one largest, extending from costal 1 / 2 to midwing; large dark brown spots located at middle of anal fold and at subapex of the wing; cilia grayish ocherous, tinged with dark brown. Hindwings and cilia gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 13): Tegumen fused with uncus, concave anteriorly. Uncus slightly concave at middle on posterior margin. Gnathos curved, elbow-shaped, basal 1 / 2 broad, somewhat rectangular; distal 1 / 2 narrow, with two small toothlike processes at apex. Subscaphium with basal half broad, cup-shaped, distal half narrow, subrectangular. Valvae strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in distal 1 / 3, obtusely pointed at apex; digitiform processes with apex obtusely pointed, obviously exceeding tip of valvae. Vinculum with anterior margin deeply concave inward on each side of saccus, caudal margin somewhat W-shaped. Saccus about 0.60 x length of valvae, apex blunt. Juxta weakly sclerotized ventrally, arcuate; well sclerotized dorsally, composed of two symmetrical, somewhat quadrate plates. Phallus about 1.34 x length of valvae, broadly oblique apically, articulated at about 1 / 3; cornuti composed of some microtrichia. Female genitalia (Fig. 19): Sternum VIII weakly sclerotized, somewhat shield-shaped, anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior margin almost straight. Ostium bursae sclerotized, shield-shaped dorsally, subtriangular ventrally. Antrum inconspicuous. Ductus bursae basally sclerotized, about 1.6 x length of apophyses anteriores; a spiculose ring at 1 / 2, weakly sclerotized, covered with small lepidotic spines. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 8087912 distribution en Distribution: China (Shaanxi). Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 8087912 etymology en Etymology: The specific name is derived from the type locality, Ningshan. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 8087912 materials_examined en Type material. Holotype 3, CHINA: Xunyangba, Ningshan (33 ° 19 ΄ N, 108 ° 20 ΄ E), Shaanxi Province, 1360 m, 28 June 2007, leg. Haili Yu, gen. slide No. XYL 08020. Paratypes: 1 3, 2 ƤƤ, 28 June – 3 July 2007, same data as for holotype. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 7420628 diagnosis en Diagnosis: This species is similar to N. mesoplaca by having an inconspicuous gnathos in the male and the absence of spiculose ring in the female, but can be distinguished easily from it by the uncus arms joined with each other only at base, the valvae bearing one large dorsoapical and one small ventroapical processes, and the phallus articulated at basal 1 / 6. In N. mesoplaca, the uncus is fully fused medially, the valvae carry one large ventroapical process only, and the phallus is articulated at about 3 / 5. Adult (Fig. 6): Wingspan 11.0 – 12.0 mm. Head ocherous white. Labial palpi with inner side ocherous white, outer side dark brown, third segment ocherous yellow to ocherous white apically. Antennae with scape ocherous white, flagellar segments ocherous gray. Thorax and tegulae ocherous white to ocherous yellow except tegulae dark brown on anterior margin. Forewings ocherous yellow, with scattered white scales; costal margin with a short dark brown transverse band extending from 1 / 2 to midwing, with four small dark brown spots at base, 1 / 4, 2 / 3 and subapex; small conspicuous or inconspicuous dark brown dots scattered along costal and dorsal margins; cilia ocherous yellow, sparsely mixed with dark brown. Hindwings and cilia grayish white to gray. Male genitalia (Fig. 14): Tegumen separated from uncus, anterior and posterior margins more or less straight. Uncus arms joined with each other at base by membrane; basal half broad, triangular; distal half digitiform, covered with coarse hairs, obtusely pointed at apex. Gnathos being a small sclerite. Subscaphium narrow, band-shaped. Valvae somewhat trapeziform, bearing one large dorsoapical thorn and one small ventroapical toothlike process, both greatly sclerotized; digitiform processes narrowed slightly at base, broadened gradually to middle, then narrowed gradually to pointed apex, slightly exceeding apex of valvae. Vinculum with posterior margin convex at middle, anterior margin arched slightly. Saccus about 1.25 x length of valvae, rod-shaped, obtusely pointed at apex. Juxta large, inverted triangular, basal 3 / 4 heavily sclerotized, distal 1 / 4 weakly sclerotized; with two small sclerotized rhombic structures at center. Phallus about 2.7 x length of valvae, curved slightly, articulated at about 1 / 6, with one sclerotized spiny subapical process. Female genitalia (Fig. 20): Abdomen sternum VIII sclerotized anteriorly, with a rod-shaped median process protruding backwards to 1 / 2, its apex with two long hairs. Ostium bursae inconspicuous. Antrum somewhat columniform, weakly sclerotized, wrinkled transversely, narrowed and sclerotized anteriorly, with lepidotic microtrichia near anterior sclerite. Ductus bursae about 3.0 x length of apophyses anteriores, without spiculose ring. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 7420628 distribution en Distribution: China (Henan). Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 7420628 etymology en Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin bidentatus (= bidentate), in reference to the two dentate apical processes of the valvae. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 7420628 materials_examined en Type material. Holotype 3, CHINA: Mt. Baiyun, Song County (34 ° 08 ΄ N, 112 ° 05 ΄ E), Henan Province, 1580 m, 20 July 2002, leg. Xinpu Wang, gen. slide No. XYL 03447; Paratypes: 1 3, Xinjiashan, Feng County (33 ° 55 ΄ N, 106 ° 31 ΄ E), Shaanxi Province, 1600 m, 10 July 1988, leg. Houhun Li; 1 Ƥ, Shaliangzi, Zhouzhi County (34 ° 10 ΄ N, 108 ° 12 ΄ E), Shaanxi Province, 1000 m, leg. Houhun Li; 1 Ƥ, Huangshian, Xixia County (33 ° 18 ΄ N, 111 ° 29 ΄ E), Henan Province, 890 m, 16 July 1998, leg. Houhun Li. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856650 biology_ecology en Biology: Larvae of the genus feed on the fruiting body of the persistent bracket-fungi or in the dead wood, bark, old excrescences on trees, stumps, etc., which have been penetrated by the fungal mycelia. Some species, for example, N. cloacella and N. variatella infest stored plant materials such as seeds, flour grain, grain products, dried fruits and fungi (Zagulajev 1964; Robinson and Nielsen 1993). Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856650 description en General characters: Forewings cryptic bark-patterned; male valvae with an elongate digitiform, setose process arising from inner surface near costa, and juxta fused with inner surface of valvae; female sternum VIII somewhat U-shaped, ductus bursae frequently with internal lepidote sculpturing and a spiculose ring close to the junction with corpus bursae. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856650 discussion en Remarks: Robinson and Nielsen (1993) provided a detailed generic diagnosis. However, we find some exceptions. The male uncus is fully separated in N. agnathosella Gaedike, 2000, but joined with each other at the base in N. bidentata sp. nov.; the male gnathos is reduced to small, inconspicuous sclerites in N. mesoplaca (Meyrick, 1919) and N. bidentata sp. nov., but absent in N. agnathosella. The female ductus bursae lacks the spiculose ring close to the junction with the corpus bursae in N. mesoplaca and N. bidentata sp. nov. In the generic description, the uncus is fused medially, the gnathos is flattened, robust and usually Vshaped, and the spiculose ring is present in the ductus bursae. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856650 distribution en Distribution: The genus is distributed mainly throughout the Holarctic Region except for a few species occurring in the Oriental Region, North Africa and Australia. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1323349 materials_examined en Material examined Other material SOUTH AFRICA (121 workers): Northern Cape: Tankwa Karoo National Park, 32.24758 ° S, 20.09660 ° E, 490 m a. s. l., 7 Jan. 2009, N. Mbanyana and H. G. Robertson leg. (SAM-HYM-C 023312). – Western Cape: Anyskop Farm, 4 km 270 ° W of Langebaanweg, 32 ° 58.611 ′ S, 18 ° 06.976 ′ E, 18 – 25 Sep. 2002, yellow pan traps, Fynbos on limestone, S. van Noort leg. (SAM-HYM-C 018836); West Coast Fossil Park, 3 km 280 ° W of Langebaanweg, 32 ° 58.098 ′ S, 18 ° 07.244 ′ E, 4 – 11 Sep. 2002, pitfall traps, rehabilitated mine dump, S. van Noort leg. (SAM-HYM-C 018823); West Coast Fossil Park, 3 km 280 ° W of Langebaanweg, 32 ° 58.020 ′ S, 18 ° 07.285 ′ E, 4 – 11 Sep. 2002, pitfall traps, rehabilitated mine dump (SAM-HYM-C 018830); West Coast Fossil Park, 4 km 290 ° E of Langebaanweg, 32 ° 57.512 ′ S, 18 ° 06.728 ′ E, 4 – 11 Sep. 2002, pitfall traps, rehabilitated mine dump, S. van Noort leg. (SAM- HYM-C 018824); Helshoogte Valley outside Stellenbosch, 33 ° 55 ′ S, 18 ° 54 ′ E, 22 – 23 Mar. 1996, P. J. Pieterse leg. (SAM-HYM-C 008817); Lorraine Farm, 32 ° 04 ′ S, 19 ° 03 ′ E, five open nest entrances with crates of sand round them, 9 Sep. 1996 (SAM-HYM-C 008986); Jacobsbaai, 32 ° 58 ′ S, 17 ° 54 ′ E, 16 Feb. 1966, A. J. Prins leg. (SAM-HYM-C 007491); 6 mi. from Saldanha Bay to Jacobsbaai, Long Point, 32 ° 59 ′ S, 17 ° 53 ′ E, 9 Jan. 1963, A. J. Prins leg. (SAM-HYM-C 007496); Sevilla Rock Art Trail, 32.0797 ° S, 19.08828 ° E, 329 m a. s. l., 10 Sep. 2009, P. Hawkes and J. Fisher leg. (SAM-HYM-C 024393); jeep tract between Welbedacht and Sneeukop Hut Site 1, Cederberg Wilderness Area, Wupperthal, 32.45515 ° S, 19.235033 ° E, 1187 m a. s. l., Fynbos pitfall trap, 5 Mar. 2003, A. Botes leg. (SAM- HYM-C 024975); Sneeukop, A. Andersen leg. (CASC: CASENT 0248478); foragers, 5 km S of Lamberts Bay, 32.41603 ° S, 18.30696 ° E, 10 m a. s. l., West Coast Strandveld, on ground, 30 Sep. 2011, B. L. Fisher leg. (CASC: CASENT 0264029, CASENT 0264031); Clanwilliam, Sevilla Rock Art Trail, 32.07973 ° S, 19.08828 ° E, 329 m a. s. l., Cedarberg Sandstone Fynbos, hand collected, 8 Sep. 2009, P. Hawkes and J. Fisher leg. (CASC: CASENT 0250960); Berg River, 4 mi. S of Piketberg, 150 m a. s. l., 30 Apr. 1958, E. S. Ross and R. E. Leech leg. (CASC: CASENT 0217978, CASENT 0270797 to CASENT 0270799). Measurements (worker N = 13) HL 0.905 – 1.076 (1.004); HW 0.905 – 1.151 (1.026); SL 0.669 – 0.831 (0.755); EL 0.207 – 0.275 (0.242); PH 0.452 – 0.580 (0.523); PW 0.575 – 0.698 (0.647); WL 0.964 – 1.153 (1.081); PSL 0.177 – 0.197 (0.188); PTH 0.295 – 0.374 (0.345); PTL 0.256 – 0.315 (0.290); PTW 0.305 – 0.396 (0.346); PPH 0.295 – 0.384 (0.363); PPL 0.246 – 0.325 (0.277); PPW 0.379 – 0.482 (0.432); OI 22 – 24 (24); CI 95 – 106 (102); SI 70 – 81 (74); DMI 56 – 61 (60); LMI 44 – 51 (48); PSLI 17 – 20 (19); PeNI 50 – 57 (53); LPeI 77 – 89 (84); DPeI 110 – 126 (119); PpNI 65 – 70 (67); LPpI 64 – 85 (76); DPpI 145 – 184 (157); PPI 119 – 134 (125). A taxonomic revision of seed harvester ants of the Tetramorium solidum group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in southern Africa 1856715 diagnosis en Diagnosis: This species is characterized by the forewing with a broad transverse dark brown band extending from costal 3 / 7 obliquely to before tornus, narrowed and curved at fold; the uncus with a small triangular process at middle on caudal margin, and the juxta semicircular ventrally and triangular dorsally in the male genitalia (Fig. 9); the sternum VIII U-shaped and the ostium bursae ring-shaped in the female genitalia (Fig. 16). Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 1856715 distribution en Distribution: China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Tibet), India. Taxonomic study of the genus Nemapogon Schrank from China (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 4656441 biology_ecology en NATURAL HISTORY: Hjelle (1974) described the parturition and postparturition behavior of Syntropis. Syntropis species have been collected in rocky desert habitats, from sea level to 556 m altitude, with S. aalbui taken at the highest elevation. All three species of Syntropis are lithophilous, inhabiting the cracks and crevices of cliffs and rock walls, and hiding in loose rock piles or under exfoliating rock flakes. The habitat and habitus, particularly the slender, elongated pedipalps, legs, and metasoma, well-developed superciliary carinae of the medial ocular tubercle, and the tarsal morphology, are consistent with the lithophilous ecomorphotype (Prendini, 2001 a). Jiménez-Jiménez and Palacios-Cardiel (2010) reported capturing species in pitfall traps, indicating that these scorpions will disperse between rocky habitats. Syntropis macrura was reported to be synanthropic in the vicinity of the Comondús (Williams, 1980; Jiménez-Jiménez and Palacios-Cardiel, 2010) and observations suggest that population densities are greater at such oases. Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 4656441 description en Figures 1 D, 2 F, 4, 7, 8 A – F, 12 – 14, 23 B, 24 C; table 1 Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 4656441 diagnosis en DIAGNOSIS: Syntropis differs from other Syntropinae in the carination of metasomal segments I – IV, where the vsm carinae are absent (indicated by pairs of macrosetae only, no difference in ornamentation evident from the adjacent intercarinal surfaces), and the vm carinae distinct (protruding above the adjacent intercarinal surfaces), smooth to finely granular, and unpigmented (fig. 24 C). Additional characters that separate Syntropis from other genera in the subfamily are as follows. The pedipalps, legs, and metasoma are greatly elongated and slender in adult male Syntropis, although less so in females and immatures. Syntropis is the only genus in the subfamily that consistently exhibits eight prolateral denticles on the movable finger of the pedipalp chela (fig. 12 B). Although Balsateres and some Thorellius species occasionally exhibit eight prolateral denticles, the basal prolateral denticle is situated adjacent to the preceding prolateral denticle, and up to three adjacent prolateral denticles are often observed (fig. 20 A, B), compared with Syntropis, in which the prolateral denticles are separate. Adult male Syntropis display a whitish glandular area between the vsm carinae of mesosomal sternite VII, extending almost the entire length of the segment (fig. 23 B), that is reduced but still evident in females. The dl and lm carinae of metasomal segments I – IV do not project posterolaterally in Syntropis, and the terminal granules of these carinae are not noticeably larger than the preceding granules, unlike most genera in the subfamily. Macrosetal counts on the leg basitarsi (23 – 28) and telotarsi (19 – 22) of Syntropis are greater than those on the basitarsi (14 – 27 in Chihuahuanus, gen. nov., and 16 – 21 in Kochius) and telotarsi (14 – 17 in Chihuahuanus, gen. nov., and 15 – 18 in Kochius) of other genera in the subfamily. Syntropis shares with Kuarapu, Vizcaino, gen. nov., and some species of Paravaejovis elongated pedipalp chela fingers and distally displaced trichobothria on the fixed finger, as a consequence of this elongation. However, the positions of trichobothria ib and it on the fixed finger, with respect to the prolateral denticles, differ among these genera as follows: ib and it are situated at PD 6 in Syntropis, whereas ib is situated at or closer to PD 6 and it is situated between PD 5 and PD 6 in Kuarapu, Vizcaino, gen. nov., and some species of Paravaejovis, such as P. confusus, comb. nov., and P. waeringi, comb. nov. Syntropis shares with Konetontli, gen. nov., Kuarapu, Maaykuyak, gen. nov., Vizcaino, gen. nov., Chihuahuanus bilineatus, comb. nov., C. coahuilae, comb. nov., and Thorellius cristimanus the presence of a secondary hook on the hemispermatophore (fig. 8 H), created by an extension of the axial carina of the distal lamina, that forms a pronounced bifurcation with the primary hook. Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 4656441 discussion en INCLUDED SPECIES: Syntropis aalbui Lowe et al., in Soleglad et al., 2007; Syntropis macrura Kraepelin, 1900; Syntropis williamsi Soleglad, Lowe, and Fet, 2007. Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 4656441 distribution en DISTRIBUTION: Syntropis is endemic to the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, and recorded from the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur (fig. 4). Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 4656441 materials_examined en MATERIAL EXAMINED: Syntropis aalbui Lowe et al., in Soleglad et al., 2007: MEXICO: Baja California: Municipio de Ensenada: Blue Palm Canyon (intermittent river La Bocana), 5 km N Cataviña, 13. vii. 1979, R. Aalbu, holotype ♀ (MHNG). Syntropis macrura Kraepelin, 1900: MEXICO: Baja California Sur: Municipio de Comondú: San José Comondú, 27. viii. 2006, C. Palacios, 18, 1 ♀ (CAECIB). Syntropis williamsi Soleglad, Lowe, and Fet, 2007: MEXICO: Baja California Sur: Municipio de La Paz: N of Los Aripes, 25. vi. 1985, W. R. Lourenço and G. A. Polis, holotype ♀ (MHNG). Municipio de La Paz: El Pilar, ca. 20 km NE Las Pocitas, 24 ° 28.7616 ′ N 111 ° 01.12 ′ W, 92 m, 25. vi. 2008, H. Montaño and E. González, 18, 1 ♀ (AMNH [ARA 2825]). Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 7569811 biology_ecology en NATURAL HISTORY: According to Williams (1970 b), this species is rarely collected, and may have limited surface activity, spending most of its life inside burrows. The known specimens were collected at night with UV light detection on sparsely vegetated, semistabilized sand dunes, from sea level to 262 m altitude. This species appears to be more abundant in areas where coastal fog is frequent. The habitat and habitus, especially the setal combs and elongated spinules on the leg tarsi, and the pale, immaculate integument are consistent with the psammophilous ecomorphotype (Prendini, 2001 a). Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 7569811 description en Figures 1 F, 6, 7, 20 C, 21 C; table 1 Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 7569811 diagnosis en DIAGNOSIS: Vizcaino, gen. nov., is unique among Syntropinae in possessing four primary subrows of median denticles, separated by five retrolateral denticles, in the median denticle row of the pedipalp movable finger (fig. 20 C); the terminal subrow, comprising one to three denticles in the other genera of Syntropinae, is absent (figs. 17 A, C, 18 A, 19 A, C, 20 A – C). The following combination of characters is also unique for the genus: pedipalp femur, rlv carina smooth and costate; legs I – III, basitarsi (male and female) laterally compressed, each with dorsal and retrodorsal macrosetae elongated and arranged into a sublinear row, forming a setal comb (fig. 21 C); legs I – IV, telotarsi each with basal, ventromedian and distal series of spinules slender and elongate (fig. 21 C); metasomal segments I – IV, vsm carinae distinct (protruding above adjacent intercarinal surfaces) and finely denticulate. Redefinition And Generic Revision Of The North American Vaejovid Scorpion Subfamily Syntropinae Kraepelin, 1905, With Descriptions Of Six New Genera 10624836 description en Measurements (worker N = 6) HL 1.059 – 1.163 (1.107); HW 1.137 – 1.279 (1.199); SL 0.775 – 0.930 (0.840); EL 0.245 – 0.258 (0.256); PH 0.472 – 0.610 (0.528); PW 0.710 – 0.827 (0.764); WL 1.201 – 1.356 (1.281); PSL 0.167 – 0.207 (0.183); PTH 0.369 – 0.423 (0.392); PTL 0.388 – 0.413 (0.405); PTW 0.388 – 0.452 (0.415); PPH 0.439 – 0.594 (0.499); PPL 0.362 – 0.388 (0.377); PPW 0.478 – 0.530 (0.502); OI 20 – 23 (21)